Non-Cooperation : Khilafat Movement

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Prelude | Home Rule | Lucknow | Champaran | Ahmedabad | Kheda | Jallianwala | Khilafat | Boycott | Clothes | Chauri Chaurah | Mapilla | Akalis | Simon Commission | Bardoli | Purna Swaraj | Dandi | Second Stage | Gandhi-Irwin The last year of the second decade of twentieth century found India highly discontented. The Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and martial law in Punjab. The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, announced towards the end of 1919, satisfied few. The Indian Muslims were incensed when they discovered that their loyalty had been purchased during the War by assurances of generous treatment of Turkey after the War - a promise British statesman had no intention of fulfilling. Even those who were willing to treat the happenings at Jallianwala Bagh and other places in Punjab as aberrations that would soon be 'corrected', were disillusioned when they discovered that the Hunter Committee appointed by the Government to enquire the Punjab disturbances was an eye wash and that the House of Lords had voted in favor of General Dyer's action. By the end of the first quarter of 1920, all the excuses in favor of the British Government were fast running out. The Khilafat leaders were told quite clearly that they should not expect anything more and the Treaty of Sevres signed with Turkey in May 1920 made it amply clear that the dismemberment of the Turkish Empire was complete. In February 1920, he suggested to the Khilafat committee that it adopt a programme of non-violent non-cooperation to protest the Government's behaviour. On 9 June 1920, the Khilafat committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement. The movement was launched formally on 1 August 1920, after the expiry of the notice that Gandhiji had given to the Viceroy in his letter of 22nd June, in which he had asserted the right recognized 'From time immemorial of the subject to refuse to assist a ruler who misrules.' Lokamanya Tilak passed away in the early hours of 1 August; and the day of mourning and launching of the movement merged as people all over the country observed hartal and took out processions. Many kept a fast and offered prayers. The Congress met in September at Calcutta and accepted 'non-cooperation as its own. The main-opposition, led by C.R. Das, was to the boycott of legislative councils elections to which were to be held very soon. But even those who disagreed with the idea of boycott accepted the Congress discipline and withdrew from the elections. The voters, too, largely stayed away. next page >>

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