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continued..... As the examples of Bengali and Marathi make clear, however, the development of patriotic literature in the languages of the various Indian peoples contained certain ambiguities. It tended to foster, more or less at the same time, national, regional and communal consciousness. Thus Bankimchandra was concerned essentially with the history of Bengal, repeatedly asserted that Bengal had lost her independence with Bakhtiyar Khilji and not with Plassey, emphasized the harmful effects of Mughal centralization on regional life. Things were even more complicated in two major regions - the Tamil region and the Hindi belt. The evocation of Tamil History and classical Tamil literature, encouraged by British scholars like Robert Caldwell and J.H. Nelson, was acquiring by the twentieth century a anti-Brahmanical note which got easily transformed into anti-North and anti-Aryans also. Literary Hindi, again, was very much of an artificial creation closely associated with Hindu revivalist movements. 'Bharatendu' Harishchandra (1850-85) often regarded the 'father' of modern Hindi due to his plays, poems and journalism combined pleas for use of Swadeshi articles with demands for replacement of Urdu by Hindi in courts and a ban on cow-slaughter. next page >> |
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