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Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), was a leading British novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1907, becoming the first British writer to receive the prize. Kipling achieved his greatest fame for his stories and poems about India during the late 1800's, when that country was a British colony. He became the unofficial spokesman and historian of the British Empire. Kipling believed that Great Britain had the noble mission of spreading British civilization and culture to all parts of the world. He created the phrase white man's burden, which he used to justify Britain's economic and military expansion into nonwhite regions. Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, India. His father was an English artist and scholar. Indian servants took care of Kipling and taught him the Hindustani language before he learned English. When Kipling was 5 years old, his parents sent him to school in Southsea, Hampshire, England. He lived with a guardian who treated him in a cruel manner. Kipling later recalled his unhappy early childhood experiences in some of his stories. At the age of 12, Kipling entered the United Services College, Devon, England. This school had been established chiefly for the children of military officers who could not afford expensive institutions. Kipling wrote about the school in a collection of stories called Stalky and Co. (1899). He endured bullying and harsh discipline at the school, but he also established friendships and developed his literary talents. Kipling came to regard the school as a model for training future British leaders. When Kipling was 17, he refused his parents' offer to send him to university. He returned to India instead and joined the staff of the Civil and Military Gazette, a newspaper in Lahore (now in Pakistan). In spite of the pressures of his job, he soon began writing poems and short stories. Many of these early works appeared in the Civil and Military Gazette and in the Allahabad Pioneer. Kipling went to England in 1889 as a reporter for the Gazette. Shortly after he arrived in England, the London Times, the world's leading newspaper at that time, printed a review praising his writings. This review gave Kipling his first important recognition as a writer.
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